Arnal, R.E. 1958. Rhizopoda from the Salton
Sea, California. Contributions Cushman Foundation for
Foraminiferal Research 9:(2): 36-45.
ABSTRACT. The rhizopodal fauna of teh Salton Sea contains tweny
foraminiferal species, four of which are new, and three species of
Thecamoebina. All species are illustrated and the new ones are named
and described.
Arnal, R.E. 1961. Limnology, sedimentation,
and microorganisms of the Salton Sea, California. Geological
Society of America Bulletin. 72: 427-478.
ABSTRACT : The Salton Sea, originally a fresh-water lake formed by
the flood of the Colorado River in 1905, is located in the center of
the Colorado Desert of California. By 1929, the water of the lake had
become almost as saline as ocean water because of intense evaporation
and solution of salts present on the floor of the basin before the
flood. In recent years, in spite of the high rate of evaporation,
excessive runoff from irrigation water has maintained and even raised
the level of the lake.
Evaluation of the water budget has made it possible to anticipate
future changes in the chemical composition of the water- i.e., and
increase in the amount of sulfates is predicted for the future.
Measurements with a current cross and studies of salinity
distribution indicate a counter-clockwise current pattern in the
Salton Sea.
Sands, silts, and clays are deposited in that order from the shore
line to the center of the lake. The water content, amount of calcium
carbonate, and textural characteristics indicate that most of the
sediments of the Salton Sea were derived from the suspended load of
the Colorado River, whereas the mineralogical study suggests that
some of the sediments have a local origin. Two entirely different
methods of computing the rate of sedimentation and of calculation the
amount of calcium carbonate in the sediments give results of the same
order of magnitude. The large amount of calcium carbonate is partly
due to precipitation and partly to transportation by Colorado River
water.
Foraminifera are the most abundant microorganism in the lake. Several
ecological factors influence their distribution; among these factors,
chlorinity and temperature are not important, depth may be important
by its effect on other factors, but the variation in the pH of the
sediments is significant. The living foraminiferal assemblage is due
to accidental introduction, but the natural effect of environmental
conditions has resulted in the creation of a dwarf fauna and many
malformed individuals. In contrast to conditions in the ocean,
abundance of species decreases offshore; however, as in the ocean,
the number of living Foraminifera increases greatly after a bloom of
phytoplankton. The average productivity of the Salton Sea is greater
than that of the oceans.
Conclusions derived from this study were applied to sediments
deposited in the same basin during the past and made it possible to
suggest a late Pliocene and a Pleistocene age for the Brawley
formation.
Barnard, J.L. and W.S. Gray, 1968. Introduction
of an amphipod crustacean into the Salton Sea, California.
Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences.
67:219-232.
NOTES: No amphipods were seen in 1955, but were observed in 1962.
Gammarus mucronatus was probably introduced in 1957 along with marine
grass Diplanthera from Texas. Paper includes illustrations of male
and female appendages.
Barnard, J.L. and W. S. Gray, 1969.
Biogeographic relationships of the Salton Sea amphipod,
Gammarus mucronatus Say. Bulletin of the Southern
California Academy of Sciences.. 68:1-9.
NOTES: Discusses the relationship between fresh, brackish, marine and
inland saline species of gammarids, and concludes that Gammarus
mucronatus has a stronger relationship to Europoean
fluviogammaruses.
Carpelan, L.H.1961. Zooplankton. Pp. 49-61
in: The ecology of the Salton Sea, California, in relation to the
sportfishery, B.W. Walker, ed. California Fish and Game, Fish
Bulletin No. 113.
NOTES: Describes changes in zooplankton density from Aug. 1954
through July 1956 especially for the rotifer Bracachionus plicatilis,
the pile worm Neanthes succinea, the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, and
the copepod Cyclops dimorphus.[=Apocyclops
dengizicus]
Carpelan, L.H. and R.H. Linsley. 1961. The pile
worm, Neanthes succinea Frey and Leukart. Pp. 63-76 in:
The ecology of the Salton Sea, California, in relation to the
sportfishery, B.W. Walker, ed. California Fish and Game, Fish
Bulletin No. 113.
NOTES: Describes general life history and density of this species at
the Salton Sea.
Dexter, D.M. 1993. Salinity tolerance of the
copepod Apocyclops dengizicus (Lepeschkin, 1900), a
key food chain organism in the Salton Sea, California.
Hydrobiologia. 267:203-209.
ABSTRACT : The copepod Apocyclops dengizicus is a key item in
the food chain of the Salton Sea where the salinity is currently 45
g/L. The salinity of the Salton Sea may reach 90 g/Lwithin the next
20 years. This study examined the salinity tolerance of this copepod.
Large copepodite and adult A. dengizicus were introduced into various
salinities with and without acclimation. The 96 h- LC50 without
acclimation was 101 /L. Mortality (at 96 h) without acclimation was
low at salinities of 90 g/L or less.
Copepod cultures were maintained, with successful reproduction of at
least one new generation, at salinities of from 0.5 to 68 g/L for at
least 120 days. Copepods maintained at higher salinities, up to 79
/L, remained alive up to 90 days, but a new generation was not
produced. In laboratory studies of larval production and
survivorship, few nauplii were released at salinities of 68 g/L or
higher, and none survived to the copepodite stage.
Dexter, D.M. 1995. Salinity tolerance of
Cletocamptus deitersi (Richard 1897) and its presence in the
Salton Sea. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of
Sciences. 94:169-171.
NOTES: This cosmopolitan species (present on 4 continents) was
cultured in Salton Sea water adjusted to various salinties for 120
days. Successful reproduction occured in cultures from 0.5 to 80 g/L,
but few individuals survived at higher salinities.
Fialkowski, W. And W.A. Newman. 1998. A pilot
study of heavy metal accumulations in a barnacle from the Salton Sea,
southern California. Marine Pollution Bulletin (in press).
ABSTRACT: Accumulations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Hg and Pb in body
tissues and egg masses of Balanus amphitrite were measured with an
inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometer (ICP-MS).
Barnacles proved to be a good choice as a sentinel species for
monitoring of heavy metals. A comparison of their levels in the
animals inhabiting the Salton Sea with those from coastal waters of
the Pacific Ocean showed that the Sea, contrary to expectations, has
not been severely contaminated by heavy metals. The accumulations of
the metals in barnacle bodies and eggs varied markedly between the
stations but appeared least where organic pollution was
highest.
Flowerdew, M.W. 1985. Indices of genetic
identity and distance in three taxa within the Balanus
amphitrite Darwin complex (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Crustacea
49: 7-15.
NOTES: This study used electrophoresis on allozymes. Nei's genetic
identiy index based on 11 loci shows no significant genetic
differentiation of Balanus amphitrite saltonensis from B.a.
amphitrite populations sampled over a wide geographic
range.
Hanson, J.A. 1972. Tolerance of high salinity
by the pileworm, Neanthes succinea, from the Salton Sea,
California. California Fish and Game 58: 152-154.
NOTES: Pileworms tolerated salinities up go 67.5 o/oo for 96
hours.
Johnson, M.W. 1953. The copepodCyclops
dimorphus from the Salton Sea. American Midland Naturalist
49: 1988-192.
NOTES: This paper provides line drawings of adult male and female and
nauplii Cyclops dimorphus.
Kuhl, D.I. and L. C. Oglesby, 1979.
Reproduction and survival of the pileworm Neanthes succinea
in higher Salton Sea salinities. Biological Bulletin
157:153-165.
SUMMARY: The polychaete annelid Nereis (Neanthes) succinea is
the major benthic detritivore in the Salton Sea, an inland salt lake
in southeastern California, and is critical in the trophic chain
leading to the sportfishery. In view of the increasing salinity of
the Salton Sea, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine
critical upper salinity limits for reproduction and survival of
pileworms. Atokous (mature) pileworms can survive for extended
periods in Salton Sea salinities at least as high as 65 ‰, with
some reduction of survival in 70 ‰, and with only short term
survial in 80 ‰, more than twice the present salinity of the
Salton Sea (36 ‰ ). Heteronereid production is depressed by
salinities higher than 50 ‰. Reproduction of N. succinea is
successful at salinities at least as high as 45 ‰, and probably
as high as 50 ‰. Fertilization and early cleavage stages are
less tolerance of elevated salinities than are later development
stages such as trochophores.
Linsley, R.H. and L.H. Carpelan. 1961.
Invertebrate fauna. Pp.43-48 in: The ecology of the Salton
Sea, California, in relation to the sportfishery, B.W. Walker (ed.).
California Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin No. 113.
NOTES: Lists 6 invertebrate phyla (Protozoa,Rotifera, Bryozoa,
Nematoda, Annelida, and Arthropoda) present in the Salton Sea
identifying to genus 7 invertebrate species: Brachionus
plicatilus, Nolella blakei, Victoriella pavida, Spilophorella,
Neanthes succinea, Cyclops dimorphys, and Balanus
amphitrite.
Mearns, A.J. and D.J. Reish, 1969. A comparison
of the free amino acids in two populations of the polychaetous
annelid Neanthes succinea. Bulletin of the Southern
California Academy of Sciences 68:43-53.
NOTES: This paper compared specimens from Los Alimitos with a
population at Desert Shores Marina in the Salton Sea. The Salton Sea
individuals were smaller in size and redder in color.
Oglesby, L.C. 1977. A newly introduced,
brackish-water snail in the Salton Sea Basin, California.
California Fish and Game 63: 180-182.
NOTES:The introduced species of snail, Thiara granifera, a
mesogastrod, native to Hawaii was first found in Whitefield Creek (in
the headquarters area of the Salton Sea State Recreation Area) in
1974. This euryhaline snail lives in salinties up to 10 ‰ and
feeds on microscopic algae and detritus.
Raimondi, P.T. 1992. Adult plasticity and rapid
larval evolution in a recently isolated barnacle population.
Biological Bulletin 182:210-220.
ABSTRACT: Balanus amphitrite, a common barnacle species, was
introduced into the landlocked Salton Sea in 1943 or 1944. In 1949,
Balanus amphitrite from the Salton Sea was classified as the
subspecies, Balanus amphitrite saltonensis, based upon
morphological differences between Salton Sea and coastal individuals.
This classification was maintained following an investigation of
Balanus amphitrite complex in 1975. Such a designation implies
that the morphological divergence is underlain by genetic
differences. Using field and laboratory transplantations, I tested
the alternative hypothesis that the observed morphological divergence
in the adult stage of Balanus amphitrite was the result of
phenotypic plasticity. The results show that the divergence was due
to an evolutionary procebably selection. These results also provide
the basis for two slightly precautionary conclusions: (1) the
observation that individuals living in typical and novel habitats
differ cannot even weakly indicate a cause for the difference and (2)
a consideration of the divergence of populations is incomplete if all
of the life history stages of the organism are not
studied.
Rogers, F.L. 1949. Three new subspeices of
Balanus amphitrite from California. Journal of Entomology
and Zoology. 41: 23-32.
NOTES: Describes Balanus amphitrite saltonensis which has a
short cylindrical form with the orifice nearly as large or larger
than the basis.
Segers, H., 1995. Nomenclatural consequences of some recent studies on Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifera, Brachionidae). Hydrobiologia 313-314:121-122.
Sixtus, .M.E. 1978. Aspects of the physiology
and biogeochemistry of thermal adaptation in two populations of
barnacles (Balanus amphitrite Darwin). Masters thesis, San
Diego State College, San Diego, California. 78 pp.
ABSTRACT: The effects of temperature adaptation on the metabolism of
two populations of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin, from the
Salton Sea and the San Diego Bay, were studied. Immediate
compensation, adaptation, and selection effects were established,
based on standard metabolic rate determinations and Starch Gel
Electrophoresis and selected enzyme groups.
There were four major conclusions reached as a result of this study.
First, the Salton Sea population of Balanus amphitrite has shown a
change in adaptive capacity to short-term temperature changes,
relative to the San Diego Bay population. This is probably due to the
lack of tidal exposure for the Salton sea population. Second, the
Salton Sea barnacles showed a pronounced shift in Oxygen Consumption
-Weight relationships when acclimated to
15°C. This was
evidenced by the changes in the log VO2/Log Weight slopes
relative to the Control slopes, the ADH, MDH, and alpha-DPDH allele
frequencies, and the results from relative esterase inhibition.
Third, there was a definite decrease in overall level of
heterogeneity, and specific decreases in the levels of polymorphism
at the ADH and MDH loci in the Salton sea population relative to the
San Diego Bay population. Because of their relationships to
differences in tidal fluctuation and thus environmental temperature
stability, these results support the concept that environmental
heterogeneity brings about genetic heterogeneity. Fourth, Nei's
Identity and Distance values were calculated from the relative allele
frequencies of the two groups of barnacles. These values fall within
the range calculated for populations of the same species, disproving
pervious taxonomic studies which classified the two groups as
subspecies. At present, however, the environmental differences
between the two sites are increasing, especially with respect to the
Salton Sea, these changes, coupled with the interpopulational
differences observed in this study, lead to the final conclusions
that selection is occurring and that the two populations are
diverging.
Soule, J.D. 1957. Two species of Bryozoa
Ctenostomata from the Salton Sea. Bulletin of Southern California
Academy of Sciences. 56:21-30.
NOTES: Reports the presence of two bryozoan species Nolella blakei
andVictorella pavida in the Salton Sea.
Vitton, B. 1968. Effects of oxygen tension, salinity, temperature and crowding on the distribution, growth and survival of Balanus amphitrite Darwin in the Salton Sea, California. Masters thesis, San Diego State College, San Diego State College, San Diego, California. 151 pp.