Human Body
Biology 341
San Diego State University
Dr.
Kevin Krown
Office
Hrs: 12-1 MWF LS 342
Phone: 619-594-7435
Introduction to the Human Body
Anatomy
• The
study of both internal and external structures
• The
study of the physical relationships between body parts
• Specific
anatomical structures perform specific functions
Gross Anatomy
• Gross
Anatomy
– Considers
features relatively visible without a microscope
• Gross
anatomy includes
– Surface
anatomy
• General form
and superficial markings
– Regional
anatomy
• Superficial
and internal features in a specific area of the body
– Systemic
anatomy
• Structure of
major organ systems
Microanatomy
Microanatomy examines structures at the microscopic level
• Cytology
– Study of the
internal structures of individual cells
– TEM, SEM,
compound light microscope
• Histology
– Examines
tissues
– SEM,
compound light microscope, unaided human eye
The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales
• The
amount of detail recognized depends on the method of study and the degree of
magnification.
Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Anatomical Specialties
•
Medical anatomy
–
Anatomical features that
undergo characteristic changes during illness
•
Radiographic anatomy
–
Anatomical features that
are visualized by specialized procedures performed on an intact body
•
Surgical anatomy
–
Landmarks important for
surgical procedures
Scanning Techniques
•
The relative position
and orientation of the scans shown in parts b-d.
Scanning Techniques
Scanning Techniques
Scanning Techniques
Levels of Organization
Anatomical structures are arranged in a series of interacting levels of
organization
•
Chemical / Molecular
•
Cellular
•
Tissue
•
Organ
•
Organ system
•
Organism
• Tissues
– Groups of
cells working together to perform specific functions
• Organs
– Specific
arrangements of tissues that perform multiple functions
• Organ
systems
– Group of
organs that function together
Figure 1.4 Levels of Organization
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Figure 1.4 Levels of Organization
An Introduction to Organ Systems
Characteristics of Life
All living organisms are recognized by a set
of vital properties and processes
• Unit
of organization is the Cell
• Metabolism
to obtain and utilize energy
• Responsiveness
to internal or external changes
• Movement
of the entire organism, organs and cells
• Growth
and reproduction
• Differentiation
of cells for specialized functions
• Homeostasis-maintaining
a dynamic equilibrium
Homeostasis
• Maintaining
equilibrium in the face of changing environmental conditions
• Loss
of homeostasis can affect health of organism
• Physiological
attempt to correct
– Sensors,
integrating center
– Response of
cells & organs
Homeostasis
• Successful
response to change (compensation)
– Homeostasis
reestablished
• Failure
to compensate
– Pathophysiology
• Illness
• Death
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