1. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with a series of chemical reactions in which a glucose molecule is broken down into 2 molecules of a 3-carbon compound called pyruvic acid. This process is called ________.
a. glycolysis
b. the Calvin-Benson cycle
c. the Krebs cycle
d. oxidative phosphorylation
e. photolysis
2. A genetic cross in which an individual with the dominant phenotype is crossed with individuals that are homozygous recessive is called _________________.
a. a test cross
b. a dihybrid cross
c. a monohybrid cross
d. crossing over
e. an independent cross
3. Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in cell organelles called _____________.
a. chloroplasts
b. mitochondria
c. rough ER
d. ribosomes
e. Golgi bodies
4. Following replication at the end of interphase, chromosomes consist of two daughter chromatids held together by a structure called a _____________.
a. sarcomere
b. Golgi body
c. centriole
d. centromere
e. spindle fiber
5. In the light reactions of photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is used to covert ADP to ATP in a process called ________________.
a. photolysis
b. carbon fixation
c. photophosphorylation
d. oxidative phosphorylation
e. glycolysis
6. Many of the biologically important characteristics of water are due to the fact that water molecules are polar and are attracted to one another through ______________ bonding.
a. ionic
b. covalent
c. hydrogen
d. peptide
e. male
7. Assume that in snapdragons (a plant) red flower color is dominant to white. A true-breeding group of red flowered-plants are crossed with a group of true-breeding white plants. What proportion of the offspring would you expect to have white flowers?
a. 9/16
b. 3/4
c. 1/2
d. 1/4
e. 0
8. In alcohol fermentation, the importance of the conversion of pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol is that it ______.
a. releases lots of energy so that many ATP molecules can be generated
b. produces oxygen so that the organism can go back to doing aerobic respiration
c. generates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue
d. captures sunlight energy
e. also produces metabolic water for the organisms to use
9. A normal human sperm or ovum has ______________ chromosomes.
a. 46
b. 23
c. 23 pairs of
d. 92
e. a variable number of
10. The term _________ refers to the changes in protein structure that occur when protein is subjected to such things as changes in pH, high temperature, radiation, and various chemical agents.
a. phosphorylation
b. condensation
c. polymerization
d. denaturation
e. dehyradation
11. Which of the following subatomic particles would you expect to find in the nucleus of an atom?
a. electron
b. proton
c. neutron
d. both electrons and neutrons
e. both protons and neutrons
12. In plants, excess monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) are stored as a polysaccharide called _____________.
a. DNA
b. starch
c. glycogen
d. fat
e. protein
13. Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and only have ribosomes as organelles in their cytoplasm are called _______________ cells.
a. eukaryotic
b. diploid
c. haploid
d. plant
e. prokaryotic
14. Since humans reproduce sexually, the cells of our body are unable to undergo mitosis. TRUE or FALSE?
a. True
b. False
15. Which of the following molecules is a major component of cell plasma membranes?
a. ATP
b. phospholipids
c. glucose
d. chlorophyll
e. cellulose
16. Mendel’s idea that genetic traits are controlled by pairs of discrete factors that separate during gamete formation so that a gamete only contains one factor from each pair is called ________________.
a. the theory of blending inheritance
b. the law of independent assortment
c. the theory of evolution
d. the law of segregation
e. none of the above
17. Proteins are biologically important polymers made up of smaller monomer subunits called _________.
a. monosaccharides
b. nucleotides
c. fatty acids
d. amino acids
e. carboxyl groups
18. A couple is told by a genetic counselor that half of their children will probably be blood type A and the other half blood type B. This would suggest that the blood types of the parents are ________ and _________.
a. AB; AB
b. AB; O
c. A; B
d. AB; A
e. AB; B
19. Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
a. the reactions ONLY take place in the dark.
b. the reactions take place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
c. carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and converted into carbohydrate.
d. the reactions do not require sunlight, so they take place day and night.
e. this set of reactions are also called the Calvin cycle.
20. Which of the following is not a function of proteins in cells?
a. control rates of chemical reactions
b. transport
c. structure/support
d. energy
e. transmission of genetic information
21. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes align and form a structure called a "tetrad." This term refers to the fact that the tetrad has 4 ____________.
a. centromeres
b. chromatins
c. daughter cells
d. chromatids
e. chromosomes
22. Organisms such as green plants that are able to make their own food are called ______________.
a. prokaryotes
b. eukaryotes
c. autotrophs
d. heterotrophs
e. parasites
23. A structure known as the ____________ is composed of cellulose and gives plant cells rigidity.
a. cell membrane
b. plastid
c. cell wall
d. central vacuole
e. flagella
24. When two alleles for a gene are both expressed when they occur together in heterozygotes, the alleles are demonstrating _______________.
a. dominance
b. polygenic inheritance
c. codominance
d. recessiveness
e. pleiotropy
25. By aerobic respiration, 1 molecule of glucose can produce ____ molecules of ATP.
a. 2
b. 4
c. 10
d. 36
e. 100
26. Alternate forms of expression of the same gene are called ______________.
a. homozygotes
b. monomers
c. alleles
d. chromosomes
e. recessives
27. What do spindle fibers, flagella and cilia have in common?
a. They are all structures found in prokaryotic cells.
b. They are all modifications of a structure called a microtubule.
c. They are only found in plant cells.
d. They are found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
e. None of the above
28. These organisms often reproduce asexually through a process called budding and their ability to respire anaerobically is of great commercial importance. What are they?
a. dairy cows
b. yeasts
c. corn plants
d. pine trees
e. lactobacillus bacteria
29. Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
a. a human red blood cell
b. a bacteria cell
c. a plant root cell
d. a human skin cell
e. all of the above are prokaryotic cells.
30. In meiosis, genetic variation among gametes occurs through _______________.
a. cytokinesis
b. crossing over
c. DNA replication
d. carbon fixation
e. denaturation
31. In peas, smooth seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds. A plant with smooth seeds is crossed with a plant having wrinkled seeds. The offspring of the cross are 50% smooth and 50% wrinkled. This indicates that the smooth-seed parent is ________________.
a. homozygous dominant
b. heterozygous
c. homozygous recessive
d. probably "true-breeding
e. of unknown genotype
32. A molecule of ATP consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base and 3 phosphate groups. Thus, ATP belongs to the larger category of molecules known as _______________.
a. lipids
b. nucleotides
c. carbohydrates
d. proteins
e. nucleic acids
33. In human oogenesis, 3 of the daughter cells produced are small, nonfunctional structures called _________.
a. polar bodies
b. centromeres
c. centrioles
d. ova
e. gametes
34. In eukaryotic cells, lysosomes and other vesicles are made in the organelle called the ________.
a. ribosome
b. mitochondrion
c. Golgi body
d. endoplasmic reticulum
e. nucleolus
35. Protein synthesis involves linking small subunits into long chains called polypetides. Therefore, protein synthesis can be considered to be a ___________________ pathway.
a. biosynthetic
b. degradative
c. photosynthetic
d. particulate
e. none of the above
36. A solution with a pH of 4.3 would be considered a (an) ________________.
a. protein
b. lipid
c. acid
d. base
e. ion
37. Attached ear lobes (allele A) is dominant to unattached lobes (allele a). John and Sally have attached ear lobes, but each of them had one parent with unattached ear lobes. John and Sally are married and have 4 children. How many of their children would you expect to have unattached ear lobes?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
e. 4
38. Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living things?
a. They are organized.
b. They are capable of sexual reproduction.
c. They respond to environmental stimuli.
d. They metabolize.
e. All of the above are characteristics of living things.
39. Prior to the acceptance of Mendel’s work, it was thought that genetic traits were transmitted from parent to offspring by way of _____.
a. discrete pairs of hereditary factors
b. fluids such as blood
c. chromosomes
d. genes made up of DNA
e. none of the above
40. Which of the following cannot be said about mitosis?
a. It results in daughter cells being genetically identical to one another.
b. It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell.
c. It is the mechanism underlying growth and repair in multicellular organisms.
d. It is the mechanisms underlying asexual reproduction.
e. It results in daughter cells that have one-half the number
of chromosomes found in the mother cell.
41. When one molecule of glucose goes through aerobic respiration, all 6 of its carbon atoms are released back into the environment in the form of ___________.
a. lactic acid
b. pyruvic acid
c. carbon dioxide
d. ethyl alcohol
e. ATP
42. Cells move materials into and out of their interiors by a number of processes. Which process below occurs without any cost to the cell in terms of energy?
a. endocytosis
b. osmosis
c. active transport
d. exocytosis
e. none of the above
43. The importance of meiosis is that it _____________________.
a. keeps the diploid chromosome number constant from generation to generation
b. produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and their mother cell.
c. is a mechanism by which organisms can replace damaged or dead cells.
d. is a source of genetic variation
e. both a and d
44. Scientists obtain knowledge in an organized, systematic fashion using a general problem-solving procedure called the __________________ method.
a. Socratic
b. reductive
c. scientific
d. Darwinian
e. Mendelian
45. The phenotype of an individual organism can usually be determined by __________________.
a. performing a monohybrid cross
b. performing a dihybrid cross
c. performing a test cross
d. pedigree analysis
e. looking at it
46. Cells in the human body are unable to respire anaerobically even for short periods of time. TRUE or FALSE?
a. True
b. False
47. Cells spend the majority of their lives in a non-dividing stage called __________________.
a. interphase
b. prophase
c. metaphase
d. telophase
e. anaphase
48. In eukaryotic cells, an organelle called the ___________ is responsible for the production of ribosomes.
a. Golgi body
b. lysosome
c. mitochondrion
d. centriole
e. nucleolus
49. Plants, such as strawberries and crabgrass, are able to reproduce asexually through a process called _____.
a. meiosis
b. binary fission
c. vegetation reproduction
d. budding
e. crossing over
50. Gregor Mendel is generally acknowledged to be the "father of modern genetics." While doing his genetics experiments on pea plants, Mendel’s professional occupation was as a _____________________.
a. doctor
b. botanist
c. lawyer d. stockbroker
e. monk