1.
B cells
a.
are responsible for humoral immunity
b.
attack foreign antigens by producing perforins
c.
are macrophages
d. become mature in the thymus gland
2. Memory
cells
a. produce antibodies
b.
are plasma cells that produce perforins
c.
are needed to generate new plasma cells during subsequent exposure to antigens
d. are cytotoxic T cells which form antibodies
3. T
cells
a. become mature in lymph nodes
b. attack cells that are infected with foreign
antigens such as viruses
c. are involved in the non-specific immune
response
d. produce histamine
4. Which of the
following does not occur during the inflammatory response?
a.
histamine causes dilation (enlargement) of blood vessels
b.
plasma leaks out of blood vessels
c. neutrophils engulf (destroy) bacteria
d. Plasma cells produce antibodies
5. The
function of lymph nodes is to__________
a.
filter lymph fluid
b.
filter blood
c.
stimulate T cells to mature
d.
all of the above
6. The
function(s) of the lymphatic system is (are) to
a.
return filtered lymph to the blood
b.
fight infection
c.
recycle red blood cells
d.
both a and b
7. An
example of an autoimmune disease would be_______
a. AIDS
b.
immune response during organ transplantation
c.
multiple sclerosis
d.
all of the above
8. Which
of the following is not a component of the allergic response?
a. Plasma cells produce
a special type of antibody not found in other immune responses
b. Activated T
cells phagocytose the allergy-causing substance in the blood
c. histamine is
released from mast cells only following the second exposure to an
allergen (e.g.pollen)
d. antibodies attach to
mast cells
9. Digestion is completed and most nutrients are absorbed in the
______________
a.
stomach
b.
colon
c.
small intestine
d. pyloric sphincter
10. _________ facilitates the action of lipase by emulsifying fats
a.
bile
b.
amylase
c.
pepsin
d. hydrochloric acid
11. Which of the following are not functions of the
digestive system?
a.
digestion of cellulose by bacteria in ruminant stomachs
b.
nutrient absorption
c.
segmentation of smooth muscle
d.
production of hydrochloric acid by chief cells
12. Saliva contains an enzyme, ________ which begins to digest __________
a.
pepsin; sugars
b.
amylase; polysaccharides
c.
pepsin; proteins
d.
amylase; bacteria
13. Motility of the digestive tract involves___________
a. contraction of longitudinal and
circular smooth muscle
b.
countercurrent circulation
c.
peristalsis
d.
a and c
14. Ruminants
a. are monogastric
b.
require bacteria to aid carbohydrate digestion
c.
are incapable of cellulose digestion
d.
are unusual in that they have digestive tracts typical of most carnivores
15. The _______ environment of the _________ is ideal for ___________
digestion
a.
acidic; intestine; polysaccharide
b.
acidic; stomach; protein
c.
acidic; stomach; fat
d.
basic; esophagus; vitamin
16. ________ on the surface of the small intestine increase ____________, which facilitates absorption
a.
bile; protein digestion
b.
microvilli; pepsin secretion
c.
microvilli; surface area
d.
b and c
17. ________ are the site for gas exchange in the lungs
a.
gill filaments
b. alveoli
c.
trachea
d.
tracheoles
18. The __________ generates the basic breathing mechanism
a. phrenic nerve
b.
medulla
c.
diaphragm
d.
intercostal muscle
19. ________ are structures responsible for direct oxygen transfer into the
circulatory system
a.
gills
b.
alveoli
c.
lungs
d.
a and b
20. Efficient gas exchange requires a respiratory cell surface with which
of the following characteristics?
a.
thin and moist with a large surface area
b.
thick and moist with a small surface area
c.
thick and dry with a large surface area
d.
thin and moist with a small surface area
21. Countercurrent exchange could be described as a_________________
a.
mechanism to allow for maximal oxygen extraction by blood due to a high
diffusion gradient
b.
poor, adaptive strategy for fish digestion
c.
process only effective in open circulatory systems
d.
adaptation for blood delivery in only 2-chambered hearts
22. Which respiratory organ extracts oxygen from air during both
inspiration and expiration?
a.
fish gills
b.
mammalian lungs
c.
bird lungs
d. amphibian skin
23.
Inhalation (breathing in) occurs because_____________________
a. lung volume
increases which decreases lung pressure
b. lung volume
increases which increases lung pressure
c. lung volume
decreases which decreases lung pressure
d. lung volume
decreases which increases lung pressure
24. It is more challenging to breathe in an aquatic (water) environment
because
a.
there is less oxygen available
b.
water is more dense than air
c.
water is less viscous than air
d.
both a and b
25. A person with Type B blood
a.
will react against blood from type A and AB donors
b.
will react against blood from type O donors
c.
would be a universal blood donor
d.
would be a universal blood recipient
26. Improvement in the ability to deliver oxygen as animals moved to dry
land is made possible by the evolutionary development of___________
a.
internal, moistened lungs
b.
open circulatory systems
c.
4-chambered, dual-circuit heart
d.
a and c
27. Which of the following are characteristics of closed circulatory
systems?
a.
blood leaves the arterial circulation to directly bathe cells
b.
blood flow can be regulated and directed toward specific tissues
c.
a and b
d.
none of the above
28. Red blood cells____________________
a.
represent 1% of all blood cells
b.
contain hemoglobin
c.
transport carbon dioxide from lungs to tissues
d.
are phagocytic
29. Basophils
a.
are functionally identical to monocytes
b.
mediate the allergic response
c.
are derived from megakaryocyte cell fragments and thus are not true cells
d.
b and c
30. The
cardiac conduction system consists of a specialized group of cells called the
________, which initiates the electrical signal in the heart
a. sinoatrial (SA) node
b. bundle branches
c. Bundle of His
d. atrioventricular
(AV) node
31. In the pulmonary circuit, blood flows from the _________ into the __________ and exits the heart via the
________ and after gas exchange at the lungs, returns to the heart via the
_____________, entering into the ____________
a.
right atria; right ventricle; pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein; left atria
b.
right atria; left ventricle; pulmonary artery; aorta; left atria
c.
left atria; left ventricle; pulmonary vein; pulmonary artery; right atria
d.
right atria; right ventricle; aorta; pulmonary vein; left atria
32. Which
of the following are not functions of the blood?
a. nutrient transport
b. temperature
regulation
c. allergic responses
d. carbon dioxide
delivery to tissues
33.
Only __________ have a notochord, a nerve cord, a pharynx with gill slits, and
a tail extending past the anus
a.
lancelets
b.
lampreys
c.
vertebrates
d.
all of the above
34. Cartilaginous fish
a.
include tuna and salmon
b.
use claspers for internal fertilization
c.
have a complex cerebral cortex (brain)
d.
have a 3-chambered heart
35. During the evolution from amphibian to land animal
a.
gill function is lost
b.
the respiratory function of the skin is maintained
c.
external fertilization is conserved
d.
all of the above
36. Reptiles
a.
are endothermic and are therefore, excellent thermoregulators
b.
have highly evolved teeth including canines, incisors, molars, etc.
c.
include some species which have 4-chambered hearts
d.
are the only vertebrate found on every continent across the world
37.
Amphibians
a. use both skin and
lungs for respiration
b. have thick,
waterproof skin
c. have two-chambered
hearts
d. utilize internal
fertilization
38. Reptiles moved fully onto land and adapted owing to_________
a.
tough, thick skin
b.
internal fertilization
c.
limb development for mobility
d.
all of the above
39. Adaptation(s) for flying include
a.
lightweight, porous bones
b.
feathers
c.
efficient respiratory system
d.
all of the above
40. Mammals
a.
have a well-developed cerebral cortex
b.
are confined to only a few continents due to poor ability to adapt to different
environments
c.
lack social skills that are well-developed in lower vertebrates (fish,
amphibians)
d.
May resort to utilizing skin as a respiratory organ under extreme
conditions
41.
During evolution from amphibians to
land animals which of the following were not useful adaptations?
a. internal fertilization
b. internal respiratory
system
c. open circulation
d. thick skin