General Biology
Spring ‘04
Midterm
I: Study Guide
Introduction: The Scientific Study of Biology
kingdoms of life (6), properties of life (6), organization of life
Chapter 2: The
Chemistry of Life
Atoms, protons, neutrons, electrons, common elements found in living organisms, atomic number, atomic weight, isotopes, molecules, ions, chemical bonds (covalent, ionic, hydrogen), polar vs. nonpolar covalent bonds, hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic, physical characteristics of water, solvent vs. solute
Chapter 3: Biological Molecules
Biological molecules, synthesis (dehydration) reactions, hydrolysis reactions, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, functions of carbohydrates, protein structure, protein function, peptide bonds, amino acid features (carboxyl and amino groups), Lipids, lipid synthesis, lipid functions, saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids, DNA, RNA, nucleotide structure, nucleotide function, chemical bonds
Chapter 4: Cell
Structure
Cell functions, ranges in cell size, cell structures, plasma membrane, fluid mosaic model, cytoplasm, chromosome, nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, function of organelles, importance of compartmentalization of organelles, endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), Golgi complex, lysosome, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, animal cells vs. plant cells, prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes, central vacuole, cell, chloroplast
Chapter 5: The Working Cell: Membrane, Diffusion, Transport, Energy,
ATP, Enzymes
Cell membrane permeability, phospholipid bilayer, role of membrane proteins (integral, peripheral), hydrophilic, hydrophobic, simple diffusion, passive transport (facilitated diffusion), active transport, osmosis (isoosmotic, hypoosmotic, hyperosmotic), endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
Types
of chemical reactions, endergonic, exergonic, catabolic, anabolic, energy
utilized, energy provided, activation energy, ATP, Enzyme characteristics,
Enzyme function
Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration, chemical reactions, reactants, products, Krebs
cycle, glycolysis, fermentation, anaerobic, aerobic, electron transport chain,
NADH, mitochondria, cytoplasm, generation of ATP, anabolic, catabolic,
chemiosmosis, direct phosphate transfer
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis, chemical reactions, reactants, products, chloroplasts,
chlorophyll, light energy, chemical energy, thylakoids, stroma, grana, dark
reaction, light reaction, Calvin cycle, photosystems