General Biology

Spring ‘04

Kevin Krown, Ph.D.

Midterm II: Study Guide

Chapter 8: Cellular Basis of Reproduction

Cell division, somatic cells, germ cells (gametes), mitosis, meiosis I and II, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, DNA duplication, chromosomes, chromatids, chromatin, centromere, prokaryotic fission, gametes, cell cycle (G1, S, G2, M), autosomes, sex chromosomes, sister chromatids, daughter cell, parent cell, homologous pairs of chromosomes, crossing over (genetic recombination), haploid, diploid, nondisjunction, Down’s syndrome

Chapter 9: Experimental Genetics and Inheritance

Genes, alleles, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant allele, recessive allele, genotype, phenotype, monohybrid cross, F1 generation, F1, F2 generations, self-fertilization, cross fertilization, principle of segregation, principle of independent assortment, dihybrid cross, Punnett square, true breeding plant, phenotypic ratio, genotypic ratio, recessive disorders, Tay-sachs, cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, dominant disorders, Huntington’s disease, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling

Chapter 10: DNA Structure and Replication, DNA Transcription and Translation

Structure of DNA, virus studies (Hershey-Chase experiment), sugars, nucleotides, bases, base-pair binding (A-T; G-C), RNA, uracil (instead of thymine), DNA replication, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase, double helix, Watson and Crick, codon, transcription, reverse transcription (RNA viruses), , messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, ribosomes (small and large subunit), translation, stages of translation, initiation, elongation, termination promoter region of DNA, RNA polymerase, anticodons, amino acids, START codon, methionine, STOP codon, point mutations, p53, BRCA1, dystrophin, base substitution, sickle cell anemia (valine instead of glutamine), base insertion/deletion

Chapter 11: Control of Gene Expression

Gene expression, differentiation, protooncogenes, oncogenes, transcription factors, activators, repressors, enhancer regions of DNA, silencer regions of DNA, signal transduction, cancer, mutation of growth promoters (e.g. RAS), mutation of growth inhibitors (e.g. p53)

Chapter 12: Gene Technology-TBA

Chapter 13: Understanding Evolution

Properties of life, Natural selection, directional selection, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, artificial selection, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium