General Biology
Spring ‘04
Midterm
III: Study Guide
Chapter 18: Evolution of Animal Diversity
Chordate classification, invertebrates vs. vertebrates, characteristics, notochord, pharynx, nerve cord, tail, evolution of vertebrates, jawless fish, bony fish, cartilaginous fish, amphibians, reptiles, characteristics, developing structures, brain, fins to limbs, skin—gills—lungs (respiratory systems), 2-4 chambered heart, jaws, external vs. internal fertilization, thickening skin,
Chapter 20: Organ Structure and Function
Organization and function of tissues: epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous, Functions of organ systems: digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, immune, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, nervous, muscular, skeletal, integumentary
Chapter 21: Digestive System
Regions of digestive tract, functions of different regions, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, peristalsis and segmentation, monogastric, ruminant, bacterial fermentation, bird digestive system, differences between herbivore and carnivore digestive tracts
Chapter 22: Respiratory System
Respiration, water vs. air environments, gas exchange, respiratory organs, tracheoles, gills, lungs, alveoli, countercurrent mechanism, regulation of breathing, medulla oblongata, phrenic nerves, intercostal nerves, diaphragm, intercostal muscles, pressure-volume relationship
Chapter 23: Circulatory System
Open vs. closed circulatory systems, evolution of systems, fish, amphibians, crocodilian reptiles, birds, mammals, pulmonary vs. systemic circuit, Functions of blood, blood composition, plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, ABO typing, Structure of heart, heart conduction system
Chapter 24: The
Immune System
Humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, allergic response, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, organs of the lymphatic system, inflammatory response, B cell function, cytotoxic T cell function, macrophages