quizzes I

1/27 - THE INSECT BODY - correct answers worth 1 point each. [Indiv/Grp#1 - 10 pts ea.]

1. Name one character shared by all arthropods:

2. Name the 3 insect body regions (tagmata):

3. Name 3 beneficial products or activities of insects:

4. Insects’ legs are found on which body part(s)?

5. Insects’ wings are found on which body part(s)?

6. The generalized function of the ‘primitive’ or ‘ancestral’ insect mouthparts is

a) sucking blood
b) chewing
c) sucking nectar
d) piercing plant tissues and sucking fluids 7. Insect mouthparts a) evolved independently in all orders
b) are enlargements of ancient teeth
c) include a tongue
d) evolved from appendages of ancient segments 8. Insect legs, in the generalized form, are composed of ______ segments? (3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

9. The insect abdomen, in its generalized form, is composed of ______ segments? (a number between 5-13)

10. The word "articulates" means what? In your text it was used in the sentence ‘A basal coxa, which articulates with the thorax in the pleural region’ is one of the segments of an insect leg.

1/29 INSECT SYSTEMATICS - correct answers worth 1 pt each. [Grp#2 - 7 pts max]

Answer the following questions in 2 sentences or less. Make sure anyone reading your answer will know what you mean.

1. What is systematics?

2. What is a taxonomic key?

3. Name 3 different types of characters used for identification.

4. What does it mean when the authors say that classification is used as a
basis for communication?

5. What does the word "phylogeny" mean?

6. Heiararchically arrange in order from the largest to smallest group:
Genus, Order, Class, Species, Family

7. What’s a biological species?

2/1 The Swarming Hordes (Life on Earth #4) [Indiv#3 - 14 pts max]
This is an INDIVIDUAL activity, NOT group. Respond to these questions as you watch the video, and turn your page in to Jay at the end of class (for 2 points ea.).

WATCH FOR VARIATIONS IN MOUTHPARTS!!!

Answer 1 or 2 sentences. Only the first 2 will count!

1. Clearly state one characteristic of a plant(s) that keeps pollinators moving among
flowers to disperse pollen, as shown in the video.

2. Clearly state one concept presented in the video about the process of molting.

3. Relative to material presented in the video, write one quiz question about
the process of metamorphosis, and answer it.

4. Relative to material presented in the video, write one quiz question about
insect defenses against predators, and answer it.

5. Relative to material presented in the video, write one quiz question about
insect mating behavior, and answer it.

6. What’s a major factor that limits insect size?

7. While bees use a "dancing behavior" to communicate locations of food resources,
what do termites use?

2/3 - INSECT ORIGINS - correct answers worth one point each. [Indiv/Grp#4 - 9 pts ea.]
Answer with as many choices as are correct.

1. Early studies suggested that insects evolved from ____________, but now we know that both groups probably shared a common ancestor.

2. Four major "evolutionary breakthroughs" leading to the great diversity of insects included which of the following?
a) development of complete metamorphosis
b) development of ability to fold wings over body
c) appearance of "primitive" insects
d) development of wings
e) development of ability to feed on blood

3. What’s the evolutionary advantage of any ONE of your choices above (one sentence)?

4. "Neopterous" means: a) new foot, b) no foot, c) new wing, d) no wing

5. We find a fragmentary fossil record for insects because
a) insects were relatively rare until pretty recently
b) insects have relatively soft bodies
c) they are too tiny to preserve well and find
d) they move too quickly to be preserved in fossil sediments

6. What is the current view of the early function of wings as they evolved? They evolved from...
a) plates of the thorax that helped them glide through the air
b) structures used to collect heat and warm the body
c) structures used for respiration in water
d) structures used for respiration in air.

7. "Microevolution" concerns evolutionary changes at the scale of ______.

a) populations, b) races, c) species, d) ecosystems

8. "Macroevolution" involves evolutionary changes at the scale of _____.

a) populations, b) races, c) species, d) ecosystems

9. Biologists consider one characteristic of arthropods to be the most critical feature leading to their ability to colonize terrestrial habitats. Which one is it?

a) multiple paired appendages, b) exoskeleton, c) tracheal systems d) paired antennae.

2/5 - insect WINGS - correct answers worth one point each. [Indiv/Grp#5 - 13 pts ea.]
Answer with as many choices as are correct.

1. Wing veins are

a) types of tracheae c) are supportive structures

b) filled with blood d) all of the above

Match the following:
2. tegmen a) beetles (Coleoptera)

3. elytra b) flies (Diptera)

4. scaled wings c) true bugs (Hemiptera)

5. haltares d) moths (Lepidoptera)

Match the following:

7. no metamorphosis; long lived a) Odonata (dragonflies)

8. predators, can eat fish b) Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

9. no distinct thoracic segments ___ c) Thysanura (silverfish)

10. adults don’t feed d) Collembola (springtails)

11. All insects can fold their wings over their bodies except

a) Odonata (dragonflies) c) Neuroptera (lacewings)

b) Tricoptera (thrips) d) Homoptera (aphids)

e) both a & d

12. Reduction in the size of the hind wings is associated with
a) slow flight c) small insect bodies
b) direct wing muscles d) the coupling of front and rear wings
e) fast flight

13. With "new" wings, of neopterous insects, energy that powers wing beats is reserved or stored in
a) fat bodies c) the exoskeleton
b) muscles d) the insect liver

2/17 - INSECT VENTILATION- correct answers worth one point ea. [Indiv/Grp#6 - 18 pts ea.]

1. What’s the difference between ventilation and respiration?

2. tracheae         a. smallest branch of respiratory tubes
3. spiracles        b. sometimes used for conserving space
4. tracheole        c. respiratory tubes
5. air sac            d. opening of respiratory tubes

6. In most insect larvae and adults, tracheae are
a. separate units within segments
b. continuously linked throughout the body

7. As an insect grows throughout its life, tracheae
a. stretch
b. are shed with each molt and reformed
c. undergo cell division & simply grow as the insect gets bigger

8. Spiracles are permeable to what? ________________________
(O2 and/or CO2 and/or H2O)

9. There are 2 pr of spiracles in the typical insect thorax and 8 pr in the abdomen. Which of the thoracic segments are they found in and why do you suppose they’re arranged that way?

10. Which of the following are examples of closed ventilation systems (CV) and
        which are examples of open ventilation (OV)?
    hydrofuge structures _____
    tracheal gills _____
    air bubbles needing recharging from air _____
    spiracular gills _____
    air bubbles that allow indefinite submersion _____
    cutaneous ventilation _____

2/22 - The orthopteroids - correct answers worth 5 pts ea.
[Writing exercise; no pts as individual - 12 pts max as Group score #8]

Why are these orders are grouped as orthopteroids???

Blattidae, Isoptera, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Phasmidoidea, Mantodea

Describe 3 features of the orthopteroids that are shared.

(thinking hint: consider shared specializations or lack of specializations of, for example, mouthparts, wings, legs, habitats/living environments, feeding behavior/food types)

*** Make a statement, then support it with 2 examples. ***

For example, if asked the same about

paleopterous Exopterygotes:

You might answer ...

The paleopterous exopterygotes all share ...

1) similar forms of flight, using only direct flight muscles to power the wings (examples Odonata, Ephemeroptera)
2) wing shapes [or positions], in that they have relatively large wings with many small cells, [that cannot be held back over body] (examples Odonata, Ephemeroptera)
3) and occupy aquatic habitats, since their juveniles must develop in water (examples Odonata, Ephemeroptera).

*** not something as general as "has 6 legs used for walking"
- (would be okay if they were the only groups like that...) ***

2/24 GRADING EXERCISE (Group activity) based on exercise above [Grp#8 - 12 pts]

Score as Exemplary, Adequate, or Needs Improvement responses:

If not an exemplary response , tell what’s missing/incorrect

A 1. all share similar feeding habits (Orthoptera, Dermaptera)

NI 2. don’t use wings or flight as a mode of locomotion (Isoptera, Blattidae)

A/NI 3. eat a variety of foods: living & dead, plant & animal tissue (Orthoptera, Blattidae)

NI 4. live in moist underground habits (Isoptera, Dermaptera)

E/A 5. many orders have males that have external genitalia (phasmids, grasshoppers)

NI 6. most are pests that destroy crops (Orthoptera, Dermaptera)

E 7. share generalized “primitive” chewing mouthparts (Dermaptera, Orthoptera)

E/A 8. share the ability to fold wings up into a compact design that folds over the body (Isoptera, Blattidae)

A/NI 9. specialized leg appendages (mantids w/grasping forelegs, Orthoptera with jumping hind legs)

NI 10. use cryptic coloration when catching prey to increase ability to surprise prey (mantids, phasmids)

N/A 11. when flying, they use indirect flight muscles (mantids, phasmids)

E 12. wings have a tegmen (toughened forewing that covers hind wing (Blattidae, Orthoptera)

2/24 - INSECT MOUTHPARTS- correct answers worth one point ea. [Indiv/Grp#7 - 10 pts ea.]

Matching
1. mandible
2. maxilla
3. labium
4. labrum
5. hypopharynx
a. equivalent to our lower lip
b. equivalent to our tongue
c. an unsegmented jaw with grinding and cutting regions
d. an accessory jaw that helps in holding food
e. equivalent to our upper lip
6. Several of the mouthparts have palpi (singular = palpus or palp)
    that are covered with small hairs. What do you suppose the palps
    are used for?
7./8. Despite all their various modifications, mouthparts of insects
    are generally classified into two functional groupings or types:
    _____________ and ________________.
9. Stylets are a) modified appendages on the terminal abdominal
    segment of orthopteroids, b) mouthparts modified for sucking fluids,
     c) butterfly mouthparts, d) sponging mouthparts of houseflies

3/3 Homework on HOMOPTEROID ORDERS due Wed 3/5 [Indiv. #9 - 6 pts]

Make up 6 ‘Jeopardy’ answers to the questions:

“What characterizes members of the order ... “
Hemiptera?
Homoptera?
Psocoptera?
Mallophaga?
Anoplura?
Thysanoptera?

Give 3 (3 and only 3) characteristics each.

Recognize that typically no single character can characterize any of the groups
without exception!

Example:
Answer: This order has members that share hind legs modified for jumping,
forewings modified as tegmen, unmodified chewing mouthparts.
Question: What is the order Orthoptera?

3/3 - INTEGUMENT Done as class quiz (not scored)

Which layers of the integument consists of live cells?

Which layers of integument contribute to its waterproof nature? ___, ___, ___

Give an example that demonstrates that integument can stretch a bit between molts.

Coloration of the integument can be due to 1 or both of 2 different features
_________ and ___________.

For virtually all insects, the integument is generally considered to be impermeable to
fluids. Give one exception.

Name 2 human benefits of understanding the composition and function of the
insect integument.

3/5 - INSECT INTEGUMENT & MOLTING I#10 [3 pts]
1. Comment on the statement that insects must not be very efficient in molting or recycle their exoskeleton if it’s the disposal of waste exoskeletons is a pubic concern (referring back to Wednesday’s reading on research on the integument).

    COLEOPTEROID ORDERS for discussion Monday 3/8:
    Coleoptera 384-6 (A Team, FishHeads, Fantastics)
    Siphonoptera 396-8 (The Group, Exterminators, Insecticides)
    Trichoptera 404-405 (Jambles, Bees, Switchers)
            [Diptera 398-402 delay to parasite section]

Structured assignment for Monday 3/8:

A. Identify 3 characters shared by members of “your” order and that
distinguish them from other coleopteroids.

B. Identify 3 characters shared by all three of these coleopteroid orders
    (Coleoptera, Siphonoptera, Trichoptera) and that set them apart from the
    previous neopterous insects you’ve learned about (i.e., orthopteroids,
    hemipteroids).

Also for Monday, be prepared to review the hormonal control of molting.

3/8 - MOLTING
Discussion focused on process of molting; no quiz

Assignment for Wed - consider hormonal control of molting.

Problem: What will happen when a partially decapitated (corpra allata intact) 4th instar Rhodnius is connected to a completely decapitated fifth instar bug? Consider the outcomes when the 4th instar has fed several days before and when it is unfed. Also consider whether feeding by the 5th instar individual will affect those results.

3/10 - COLEOPTEROIDS Writing exercise [Indiv/Grp#11 - 6 pts ea.]

A. Identify 3 characters shared by members of “your” order and that distinguish them from other coleopteroids.

B. Identify 3 characters shared by all three of these coleopteroid orders (Coleoptera, Siphonoptera, Trichoptera) and that set them apart from the previous neopterous insects you’ve learned about (i.e., orthopteroids, hemipteroids).

Discussion focused on hormonal control of molting and experiments that
demonstrated neurosecretory processes.

3/12 - COLEOPTEROIDS [no scored exercise]

Group discussion of coleopteroids.

For Monday:
Discuss Insect-plant relationships:

Introduction 290-2
Insects & structural complexity of plants 292-296
(omit “Insects on plants of different geological ages”)

************************
Consider ideas that explaining the patterns of variation of insect abundance
and diversity.

Also consider the hypotheses that explain (what?) .
A) Resource concentration hypothesis
B) Enemies hypothesis

Examine Figure 10.4: Be able to explain a main conclusion from the data
    presented there.
Examine Figure 10.5: What can you conclude about body sizes of scavengers
    vs. predators? [hint: compare diagrams of relative numbers of individuals
    per guild & biomass per guild]

Also review phylogenic systematics & cladistics to put all the insect groups
you've learned about into perspective (pp. 322, 332-336).

Expect a writing exercise.