INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY SECTION (Biol.201), Spr 2000

Dr. Kathy S. Williams (email kwilliams@sunstroke.sdsu.edu)

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REVIEW QUESTIONS for Biology 201, Spring 2000.

Use these questions to help you focus on major points of this section.
Consider them examples of exam questions.

Note that while this list is pretty comprehensive; it is not intended to include everything that might be on the exam. In general, consider the questions as "guides" to specific topics in the notes I consider important. If a question asks for some examples of a particular topic, that means you should also understand the topic in addition to the examples. The point is that you may need to know more than the answers to just these particular questions to do well on the exam — consider these questions a study guide.

See me or your TA if you have questions about any of the material. K.Williams

1. List characteristics that distinguish animals from organisms in the other 4 kingdoms.
2. In Porifera, which type of cell has flagella?

    a. epidermal cells
    b. collar cells or choanocytes
    c. spicules
    d. amoeboid cells or amoebocytes
    e. pore cells or porocytes
3. Distinguish between radial and bilateral symmetry. Name 2 taxa that have radial symmetry.
4. List characteristics shared by bilaterally symmetrical animals.
5. Which is not characteristic of animals with bilateral symmetry?
    a. they move about actively                                 d. most have sexual reproduction
    b. they are sessile or slow-moving animals         e. most have a coelom
    c. cephalization
6. What distinguishes a diploblastic animals from a triploblastic animal?
7. What type of digestive system does an anemone have?
8. Give one difference between a medusa & a polyp.
9. Which class within the Cnidaria is important geologically because the growth of its members can result in the formation of islands and atolls in tropical oceans?
    a. Hydrozoa     b. Scyphozoa     c. Anthozoa     d. Turbellaria     e. Ctenophora
10. Which of the following is not associated with members of the taxon Cnidaria?
    a. alternation between polyp and medusa                 d. three distinct tissue layers
    b. gastrovascular cavity                                             e. planula larva
    c. nematocysts
11. Explain the advantage of sexual reproduction.
11. Explain how asexual reproduction may be advantageous for a population of organisms living in a stable, favorable environment.
13. Explain the function of excretory organs and give one example.
14. Explain the similarities and difference among: protonephridia (flame bulbs), metanephridia, and Malpighian tubules.
15. Name 2 taxa that have a hydrostatic skeleton.
16. Name one adaptation (i.e., novel or modified character/feature) that’s typical of parasites.
17. The digestive system and the excretory system of free-living Platyhelmenthes (i.e. Turbellaria) extend quite extensively throughout the body. Which of these would serve as an explanation for this phenomenon?
    a. Turbellaria has complex kidneys and accessory organs of digestion.
    b. This may be compensation for the fact that they do not have a circulatory system.
    c. These systems are making up for the fact that Turbellaria do not have a nervous system.
    d. They are worms and worms do not have complete digestive tracts.
    e. All of these are explanations.
18. Which of the following is not associated with a parasitic lifestyle as seen in Cestoda and Trematoda?
    a. complex digestive systems         d. life cycles with multiple hosts
    b. flattened body                             e. reduced gastrovascular cavity
    c. extensive reproductive organs
19. Explain an advantage of hermaphrodism, compared to having distinct, separate sexes (i.e., being dioecious).
20. Which group(s) of animals includes parasitic forms?
    a. Nemertea         b. Platyhelmenthes         c. Nematoda         d. both a. and b.         e. both b. and c.
21. Define pseudocoelom. Distinguish acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate.
22. The presence of a coelom is advantageous because
    a. it is the third germ layer.
    b. it permits development of an open circulatory system.
    c. it provides a space for the development of internal organs.
    d. it is necessary for a digestive system.
    e. it functions in performing excretion.
23. Which of the following types of organisms are sessile filter feeders, lack tissues, and are classified according to the type of spicules they contain?
    a. Cnidaria         b. Porifera         c. Platyhelmenthes         d. Nematoda          e. Ctenophora
24. Distinguish between spiral and radial cleavage, determinant and indeterminate cleacage, schizicoelous & enterocoelous.
25. Distinguish among the following 4 taxa of Mollusca and give examples of each:
    a. Polyplacophora           c. Bivalvia
    b. Gastropoda                 d. Cephalopoda
26. Which of the following features distinguishes the class Gastropoda from other Mollusca?
    a. a radula     b. torsion     c. complex eyes         d. a single calcareous shell         e. gills
27. Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of possessing an exoskeleton. Specify 2 taxa that possess exoskeletons.
28. Describe two characteristics or traits of Cephalopoda that contribute to their lifestyle as predators.
29. Name and describe two different structures used for excretion by invertebrates.
30. Members of Mollusca look very different, yet we know they are related because they all
    a. are segmented.                       d. have a mantle, visceral mass, and foot.
    b. are predators.                         e. both b. and d.
    c. have an external skeleton.
31. Mollusca and Annelida differ in that:
    a. annelids are segmented, whereas mollusks are not segmented.
    b. annelids have a coelom, whereas mollusks do not.
    c. annelids are protostomes, whereas mollusks are deuterostomes.
    d. annelids have open circulatory systems, but mollusks have closed circulatory systems.
    e. mollusks have trocophore larvae, whereas annelids do not.
32. Which one of the following phyla has a circulatory system, a complete digestive system, and a reduction of the coelom?
    a. Rotifera     b. Annelida     c. Mollusca     d. Nematoda     e. Platyhelmenthes
33. What is one advantage that complete digestive tracts have over gastrovascular cavities.
34. List 2 animal taxa with gastrovascular cavities and explainw why they do not need a circulatory system.
35. Distinguish between a gastrovascular cavity and a complete digestive tract. Give one example of animals with each.
36. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems. Explain hemolymph movement in an open circulatory system.
37. Tell what characters distinguish arthropods from all other animals.
38. Distinguish among the following arthropods and be able to explain which is more closely related to which: Crustacea, Chelicerata, Uniramia, Myriapoda, Insecta.
39. You can identify the following insects from insects by single characters of their wings. Match the following insect taxa with their wing characteristics.
    beetles (Coleoptera)                             | a. have only one pair of membranous wings
    flies (Diptera)                                       | b. have hardened front wings
    butterflies (Lepidoptera)                      | c. have scales on their wings
                                                                | d. have no wings as adults
                                                                | e. have wings but cannot fly
40. Give two major features (novel derived characters) of insects that contributed to their tremendous diversification (evolution of so many species).
41. Distinguish between complete and incomplete metamorphosis in insects and give one example of an insect that has each type of development.
42. Give one evolutionary link between the Annelida and Arthropoda (in other words, what character indicates that they have a more recent common ancestor than Mollusca and Arthropoda).
43. Distinguish between a hemocoel and coelom.
44. Explain what a hydrostatic skeleton is and give an example of an animal that has that body support system.
45. Explain one arthropod feature that was a preadaptation for living on land.
46. Is internal fertilization more of an advantage for life on land or life in the sea? Explain your response.
47. Which group of animals contains animals with jointed appendages?
    a. Mollusca     b. arthropods     c. Annelida     d. chitons     e. all of these
48. Which of the following groups has a water vascular system?
    a. Mollusca     b. Crustacea     c. Annelida     d. Echinodermata     e. both a. and d.
49. Describe the structures and function of a water vascular system, including ring canal, radial canal, tube feet and ampula.
50. Disitinguish among the major groups of echinoderms (classes) and give examples of each.
51. Which of the following statements is not true?
    a. Echinoderms have a coelom.                                           d. Echinoderms have a stomach.
    b. Echinoderms are radially symmetrical as adults.             e. both c. and d.
    c. Echinoderms are radially symmetrical as larvae.
52. Which animal exhibits the greatest degree of cellular plasticity, that is, the ability of a cell to change its structure and function to be like any other cell in the organism?
    a. Porifera     b. Platyhelmenthes     c. Echinodermata     d. Cnidaria         e. Nematoda
53. Which of these features for gas exchange is MISMATCHED?
    a. epidermis - Platyhelmenthes                         d. trachea - Annelida
    b. mantle cavity - terrestrial Gastropoda            e. book lung - Arachnida
    c. gills - Crustacea
54. Which of these is MISMATCHED?
    a. ventral solid nerve cord - Annelida                         d. ladder-type nervous system - Platyhelmenthes
    b. nerve net - Cnidaria                                                 e. both a. and c.
    c. dorsal hollow nerve cord - Crustacea
55. List distinguishing characteristics (aphomorphies) of Cnidaria, Platyhelmenthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Crustacea, Chelicerata, Uniramia, Echinodermata.
56. Which groups contain animals with a complete digestive tract?
    a. arthropods & Nematoda                           d. arthropods, Annelida, & Platyhelmenthes
    b. arthropods & Annelida                             e. arthropods, Annelida, & Nematoda
    c. arthropods, Annelida, Nematoda, & Platyhelmenthes
57. You discover an animal with bilateral symmetry, a pseudocoelom, a tubular digestive system, and a thick multilayer cuticle. Select the group to which this animal most likely belongs.
    a. Nemertea     b. Insecta     c. Nematoda     d. Rotifera      e. Annelida