Abend (Abnormal End) A serious error encountered in the server, which stops the server from operating.
Access Control List See ACL.
Access rights See Rights, file system; Rights, object; and Rights, property.
Account restrictions Restrictions you can impose that limit how the user can log in to the network. There are four different types of account restrictions you can implement if you wish (all are optional): login restrictions, password restrictions, login time restrictions, and network address restrictions.
Accounting services A NetWare feature that lets you charge users for using a server's resources. You can charge them for the time they are connected to your server, for the number of blocks they write to or read, and so on.
ACL (Access Control List) The property of an object that lists all the trustees of that object.
AFP (AppleTalk Filing Protocol) The AppleTalk protocol that allows servers and workstations on an AppleShare network to communicate and exchange data.
Alias object An object in the NDS tree that points to a real object located in a different part of the tree. With an alias in your name context in the tree, you can access the real object easily, without having to navigate through the rest of the tree to locate the real object.
AppleShare The networking software from Apple Computer that allows a Macintosh to function as a file server and other Macintosh workstations to attach to that server.
AppleTalk The networking protocol suite developed by Apple Computers. It provides peer-to-peer networking capabilities between all Macintoshes and Apple hardware. AppleTalk capability is automatically built into every Macintosh.
AppleTalk extended network An AppleTalk network that can support more than 254 nodes and multiple zones (up to 255) on an AppleTalk network. These are also called Phase 2 networks, because they support Phase 2 addressing. Phase 2 addressing lets you have far more nodes on a network than Phase 1 addressing. Theoretically, Phase 2 addressing allows more than 16 million addresses.
AppleTalk Filing Protocol See AFP.
AppleTalk nonextended network An AppleTalk network that can only support up to 254 nodes (workstations, printers, and so on), all of which must be contained in a single zone. These are also called Phase 1 networks because they support Phase 1 addressing. LocalTalk, ARCnet, and EtherTalk 1.0 are all nonextended AppleTalk networks.
AppleTalk print spooler See Print spooler, AppleTalk.
AppleTalk router A NetWare 4.1 feature that allows AppleTalk traffic to be routed between two network boards in the NetWare server. The AppleTalk router also communicates with any other AppleTalk routers on the network. If an AppleTalk router exists in a NetWare server, the Macintosh workstations can communicate with the server, as well as with other Macintoshes or AppleTalk printers on the other side of the server.
AppleTalk zone A logical grouping of devices, such as servers, workstations, and printers, on an AppleTalk network. These devices can be grouped into zones to make it easier for users to find them. A small network may have only a single zone, with all devices contained within it. A larger network may have several zones.
ARCnet A relatively simple and inexpensive cabling architecture that has been used for many years. Because its performance is not generally as fast as other network architectures (its transmission rate is only 2.5 Mbps, or megabytes per second), it is typically used in smaller networks. ARCnet Plus is a newer version of ARCnet; its transmission rate is 20 Mbps. ARCnet can use either a star or a bus topology, but the star topology usually provides better performance.
Attribute, file and directory Assigned directly to files and directories. Unlike rights, which are specific to different users and groups, these attributes belong to the file or directory itself. They control the activities of all users, regardless of those users' trustee rights.
Attribute, NDS object See Property.
Authentication Verification that the user or process requesting services from the NetWare 4.1 network is authorized to do so.
AUTOEXEC.BAT A batch file created at the root of the disk during DOS installation for most recent versions of DOS. It can also be created or edited with a text editor. It executes when the computer is booted, automatically loading files. It also can be used to log the user into the network.
AUTOEXEC.NCF A server boot file that loads the server's LAN drivers, specifies the server name and internal network number, mounts volumes, loads any NLMs you want automatically loaded (such as MONITOR), and executes some SET parameters.
Backup An archived copy of files that you can restore if something goes wrong with the original files on the network. Backing up network files involves more than just making a copy of the files. It's important to use a backup product, such as NetWare's SBACKUP.NLM, that backs up not just the files themselves, but also the NetWare information associated with those files, such as trustee rights, Inherited Rights Filters, and file and directory attributes.
Bind To assign a protocol (IPX, AppleTalk, or IP) to a LAN driver so that the LAN driver can use that protocol to communicate with the rest of the network.
Bindery The flat-structured database of network information used in NetWare 3.12 and earlier versions of NetWare. Each server had an individual and unique bindery, so if a user needed access to multiple servers, that user would need a separate user account on each of those servers. In NetWare 4.0 and later versions, the bindery was replaced with the NDS database, which is shared by all servers on the network. See also NetWare Directory Services.
Bindery context The portion of the NDS tree that a server considers to be its bindery if it has been set up to support bindery services. The portion of the tree that becomes a server's bindery context consists of any container you choose and its objects. You can specify up to 16 different containers to look like a single bindery on a server. To the bindery-based application, the objects in all sixteen containers will look like objects in a single flat database. See also Bindery services.
Bindery emulation See Bindery services.
Bindery object An object that was upgraded from a bindery-based server and placed in the NDS tree, but which could not be converted into a corresponding NDS object.
Bindery Queue object A Queue object that was upgraded from a bindery-based server and placed in the NDS tree, but which could not be converted into a corresponding NDS object.
Bindery services A NetWare 4.1 feature that takes a container object and its portion of the Directory tree, and makes it appear to be flat and located on a particular server. That way, both bindery-based applications and NDS-aware applications can find the objects they need. Bindery services also allow NetWare 3.x users to log in to a NetWare 4.1 server and use its resources. (Also referred to as bindery emulation.) See also Bindery context.
Block A unit of disk space allocated to store a file. Block sizes range from 4K to 64K, depending on the size and needs of the network.
Block suballocation A NetWare 4.1 feature that breaks a block into 512-byte suballocation blocks, so that several smaller files can share a single block. By default, block suballocation is turned on during server installation.
Bridge A device that relays data from one segment of a network to another, but does not determine routes. See also Router.
Browser A feature of the NetWare Administrator utility that allows you to navigate through the NDS tree and see the available objects (provided you have the NDS Browse right to those objects). You can open the Browser by choosing Browse from the NetWare Administrator utility's Tools menu, or by clicking the Browse button next to fields that require you to enter the name of an object.
Cabling architecture The cabling scheme that connects the nodes together into a network. The most common cabling architectures are Ethernet, ARCnet, Token Ring, and AppleTalk. High-speed architectures, such as Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Thomas Conrad Network System (TCNS), Fast Ethernet, and ARCnet Plus, are becoming more and more prevalent.
Cache buffer A block of memory that temporarily stores files that are being frequently used. Accessing files from the cache is faster than accessing files from the disk.
Capture To redirect a workstation's LPT (parallel) port to point to a network print queue instead of directly to a locally attached printer.
Channel See Controller channel.
Client A computer, program, or process that requests services from a server. Generally, in NetWare documentation, a client is a workstation.
CNA (Certified Novell Administrator) A certification level received by taking exams offered by the Novell Education division. This certification is the most basic of the certification levels. It prepares you to manage your own NetWare network. It does not delve into the more complex and technical aspects of NetWare, covered in the CNE and Master CNE exams. See also CNE; CNI; Master CNE.
CNE (Certified Novell Engineer) A certification level received by taking exams offered by the Novell Education division. A CNE certification helps ensure that you can adequately install and manage NetWare networks. See also CNA; CNI; Master CNE.
CNI (Certified Novell Instructor) A certification level received by taking exams offered by the Novell Education division. CNIs are authorized to teach NetWare classes through NAECs (Novell Authorized Education Centers). The tests and classes specific to this level ensure that the individual taking them will be able to adequately teach others how to install and manage NetWare. See also CNA; CNE; Master CNE.
Code page A table DOS uses to determine which letters, numerals, and symbols are supported by the version of DOS running on the computer. Since DOS versions and computer hardware can vary depending on the country they are being used in, different countries may use different code pages.
Compile To convert a file into an executable file. For example, the MENUMAKE utility compiles a text file containing menu-formatting commands into a data file with a .DAT extension. The NMENU program then uses this compiled file to display the menu on the workstation screen.
Compression See File compression.
Computer object An NDS object that represents a computer that isn't a workstation or a server, such as a gateway or router.
Concentrator Similar to an active hub, but used with different topologies. The cables attached to workstations feed into the concentrator, which boost the signals before sending them on to the main network cable. See also Hub.
CONFIG.SYS A DOS boot file created at the root of the disk during DOS installation for most recent versions of DOS. It can also be created or edited with a text editor. It configures the workstation's DOS environment.
Console utilities Commands you type at the server's console (keyboard and monitor) to change some aspect of the server or view information about it. To read online help for console utilities, type HELP at the server console.
Container login script See System login script.
Container object An NDS object that contains other objects. There are three available container object classes: Country, Organization, and Organizational Unit. Container objects can contain other container objects or leaf objects (or both). See also Leaf object.
Context See Name context.
Controller board A circuit board installed in a computer that allows the computer to communicate with a device, such as a hard disk.
Controller channel The path data travels between a storage device, such as a hard disk, and the computer. The channel can include the controller board, any cables, and so on.
Country object An optional container object in the NDS tree representing the country where this portion of the tree is located. The Country object exists just below the Root object and above the Organization object.
Data fork The portion of a Macintosh file that contains the actual text of the file. This fork corresponds somewhat to a DOS-based file. See also Resource fork.
Data migration A NetWare 4.1 feature that lets less frequently used files be migrated off the server's hard disk onto an external storage device, such as a tape, a different hard disk, or optical disk. These files are automatically "demigrated" back onto the server's hard disk when a user accesses them. This process is usually transparent to the users.
Data packet A unit of data that is transferred across the network. The format of a data packet varies depending on the type of protocol, but it usually consists of the actual information that's being transferred, plus administrative information that helps get the actual information where it needs to go.
Directory attribute See Attribute, file and directory.
Directory cache A block of memory that stores the server's directory entries, so that the server can locate files more quickly than if it were searching through the directory entries on the disk.
Directory entry An item in the server's Directory Entry Table (DET), which points to the first of the disk blocks used to store a file or directory. The directory entry also provides information about the file or directory, such as the name, creation date and time, size, and so on. Each directory, DOS file, and trustee list on the network uses up one directory entry. Each Macintosh file or directory takes up two directory entries. If you run out of directory entries on your disk, no one will be able to create a new file or directory.
Directory Map object An NDS object that represents a directory path to an application. You can map a drive to a Directory Map object in login scripts. That way, if the location of the application changes, you can update the Directory Map object without having to modify any of the login scripts. The login scripts still point to the Directory Map object.
Directory partition See Partition, directory.
Directory replica See Replica.
Directory tree See NDS tree.
Disk driver A software program that enables the operating system to communicate with a disk controller board installed in the file server.
Disk duplexing Attaching mirrored disks to separate disk controller boards. Disk duplexing provides more security than disk mirroring because it duplicates not just the disk, but also the controller channel (which includes the controller board and cables) as well. See also Disk mirroring.
Disk mirroring Using two or more disks in the server that are updated simultaneously with network data, so that both disks contain identical copies of all network files. This ensures that data is safe and accessible even if one disk goes down. If one disk fails, the other continues to operate normally. If the mirrored disks are using the same disk controller board, it's called disk mirroring. If mirrored disks are using separate disk controller boards, it's called disk duplexing. Disk duplexing provides more security than disk mirroring because it duplicates not just the disk, but also the controller channel (which includes the controller board and cables) as well. See also Disk duplexing.
Disk partition See Partition, disk.
Disk redirection area A separate area on the server's hard disk where data is stored, if the Hot Fix feature detects that the original destination for the data contained bad blocks. See also Hot Fix.
Domain An area of server memory where NLMs can execute. To test an unknown NLM or an NLM you are developing, run it in the protected memory domain (called OS_PROTECTED), where it cannot corrupt the operating system memory. When you are satisfied that the NLM is using memory correctly, you can run it in the regular domain (called OS).
Drive mapping The drive letter assigned to a network directory. With a drive letter mapped to a directory, you can type the drive letter (such as F: or L:) instead of typing the entire directory path in a command.
Driver A software program that allows software and hardware to communicate with each other. For example, print drivers allow your applications to communicate with your printers, tape drivers allow tape backup systems to receive network data from the backup program, and LAN drivers allow the network board to transfer data onto the network.
Drop cable A cable used to connect a node (such as a workstation) to the trunk cable in a thick Ethernet network.
Duplexing See Disk duplexing.
DynaText The online version of the NetWare documentation. The DynaText viewer is used to actually display the documentation on a workstation screen.
ECNE (Enterprise Certified Novell Engineer) A certification level that is being phased out of the Novell Education program. The ECNE level's series of tests emphasized aspects of networking encountered in larger, enterprisewide networks, such as routing, gateways, NetWare Directory Services, and so on. The Master CNE program is replacing the ECNE level because it adds more flexibility to the type of specialization the candidate can pursue. See also CNE; Master CNE.
Ethernet The most commonly used network architecture. Ethernet cabling is relatively easy to install at a moderate cost. Because it has been so widely used for many years, its technology has been well tested. Ethernet networks can use either bus or star topologies.
EtherTalk Apple Computer's implementation of Ethernet. EtherTalk Phase 1 was based on the Ethernet 2.0 version of Ethernet. EtherTalk Phase 2 is based on the Ethernet 802.3 version. EtherTalk Phase 2 has replaced LocalTalk as the built-in networking architecture in all newer Macintoshes.
External Entity object An NDS object that stores information about non-NDS entities for other applications or services.
Fake root A drive mapping that makes a subdirectory appear to be a root directory. This is useful for some applications, which require that they be installed at the root of a drive.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) A network architecture for using fiber-optic cables at very high speeds. It supports speeds of up to 100 Mbps, and it uses a dual-ring topology in which data can travel in opposite directions.
FDDITalk Apple Computer's implementation of the 100 Mbps FDDI architecture.
File attribute See Attribute, file and directory.
File compression A NetWare 4.1 feature that compresses unused files on the server, thus saving up to 63 percent of the server's hard disk space. Compressed files are automatically decompressed when a user accesses them, so the user doesn't even know that the files were compressed.
Flag To assign a file or directory attribute to a file or directory. Also used to refer to the actual attribute itself. See also Attribute, file and directory.
Frame type Variations in the data packet formats used by a topology, such as Ethernet. In most cases, a given network will support only one Ethernet frame type. However, NetWare allows you to support more than one frame type by configuring the LAN driver for the server's network board to recognize two or more types.
Grace login An allowance that lets the user log in using an expired password. You can limit the number of grace logins that a user has on your network.
Group object An NDS object that contains a list of users that have at least some identical characteristics, such as the need for access rights to the same application. Users listed as group members receive a security equivalence to the group.
HCSS (High-Capacity Storage System) A NetWare feature that lets you integrate an optical storage disk (jukebox) into the NetWare file system. With HCSS, lesser-used files are migrated off the server's hard disks onto the optical disks. When accessed, the files on the optical disk are "demigrated" back onto the hard disks.
Home directory A network directory that can be created automatically for each user as he or she is added to the network. A home directory is generally named with the user's login name and can be used to store that user's own work files.
Hot Fix A NetWare feature that monitors the blocks that are being written to on a disk. When a bad block is encountered, the data that was being written to that block is redirected to a separate area on the disk, called the disk redirection area, and the bad block is listed in a bad block table. See also Disk redirection area.
Hub A device used for relaying, and possibly enhancing cable signals. Some cabling architectures require that the cables attached to workstations all feed into a separate piece of hardware before being connected to the main network cable. Passive hubs simply gather the signals and relay them. Active hubs actually boost the signals before sending them on their way. See also Concentrator.
Identifier variable A variable used in login script commands. An identifier variable is a placeholder for information that is substituted whenever a user logs in. An identifier variable may adopt specific user information, such as the user's login name or full name, or it might adopt information about the user's workstation, such as its address or machine type. It might also adopt general information that has nothing to do with the user, such as the day of the week, time, or network address.
Inheritance NDS rights and file system rights can be inherited. This means that if you have rights to a parent container (or directory), you can inherit those rights and exercise them in an object within that container (or a file or subdirectory within that directory), too. Inheritance keeps you from having to grant users' rights at every level of the Directory or file system tree. Inheritance can be blocked by granting a new set of rights to an object within the container, or by removing the right from an object's Inherited Rights Filter (IRF).
Inherited Rights Filter See IRF.
Intruder detection A NetWare feature that can detect if an unauthorized user is trying to break into the network. You can set the network so that such unauthorized users are locked out after a given number of failed login attempts. This helps ensure that users don't try to break into the network by simply guessing at another user's password, or by using programs that automatically generate passwords.
IOAUTO.NCF An SFT III server boot file that loads LAN drivers and binds protocols to them, and loads NLMs that must run in the IOEngine but require the MSEngine to be running (such as backup and print services).
IOEngine The I/O engine. This portion of the SFT III NetWare operating system handles the hardware input and output for this particular server computer. The I/O engine is not mirrored. See also MSEngine.
IOSTART.NCF An SFT III server boot file that specifies the IOEngine's name and IPX internal network number, loads the disk drivers and MSL board drivers, executes IOEngine SET parameters, and loads NLMs that run in the IOEngine and don't need the MSEngine running.
IP (Internet Protocol) The network protocol used on the Internet, and by many Unix-based networks.
IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange) NetWare's native network protocol, which is responsible for addressing and routing packets to nodes on the same network or on other networks.
IPX external network number A network number that is assigned to the portion of the network that is attached to a network board in the server. When a protocol is bound to a LAN driver/board combination, that combination is assigned an IPX external network number. Every node on that cabling segment of the network uses that same network number. Since a server can have more than one board/driver combination installed, the server may support more than one IPX external network number. This is different from the IPX internal network number.
IPX internal network number A network number that identifies each individual server on the network. Each server on the network must have a unique internal IPX network number, which is assigned during installation. This is different from the IPX external network number.
IRF A filter assigned to each NDS object, file, or directory that specifies which rights can be inherited from a parent container or directory. By default, the IRF for an object, file, or directory allows all rights to be inherited. You can change the IRF, however, to revoke one or more rights. Any rights that are revoked from the IRF cannot be inherited. The IRF does not affect any explicitly granted rights for that object, file, or directory, however. The IRF affects only inherited rights.
LAN driver A software program that enables the operating system to communicate with a network board installed in the file server or workstation.
Leaf object An NDS object that represents an entity on the network. Leaf objects, such as users, servers, and volumes, cannot contain other objects. See also Container object.
List object An NDS object that contains a list of objects, but doesn't imply that those objects have a security equivalence to anything (unlike a Group object, which actually grants security equivalence).
LocalTalk Apple's built-in network architecture in most older Macintoshes. Using LocalTalk cabling, you can connect Macintoshes together in a network without having to install a separate network board and driver in each Macintosh. (If you don't want to use LocalTalk, you can install a board and driver for another type of architecture, such as EtherTalk, and buy the appropriate cabling.) LocalTalk has been replaced by EtherTalk as the built-in network architecture in newer Macintoshes.
Login script A property of a User object or container object, which you can use to automatically set up users' workstation environments. A login script works similarly to a batch file. Each time a user logs in, the login scripts will execute, setting up frequently used drive mappings, capturing the workstation's printer port to a network print queue, displaying connection information or messages on the screen, or doing other types of tasks for the user. System login scripts (also called container login scripts), which are properties of containers, execute for all users in that container. Profile login scripts are properties of Profile objects, which contain a list of any users for which you want to have this particular login script run. Profile login scripts, which are optional, execute after the system login script. User login scripts are properties of individual users, and they execute after the profile and system login scripts.
LSL.COM The Link Support Layer file. It is placed in the NWCLIENT directory by the NetWare DOS Requester installation. It enables the workstation to communicate with different protocols.
MacIPX gateway A NetWare for Macintosh feature that lets Macintosh workstations on LocalTalk networks, or Macintoshes that are dialing in using Apple Remote Access, exchange data with IPX networks.
Map To assign a drive letter to a network directory. With a drive letter mapped to a directory, you can type the drive letter (such as F: or L:) instead of typing the entire directory path in a command.
Master CNE (Certified Novell Engineer) A certification level received by taking exams offered by the Novell Education division. This certification level allows you to go beyond CNE certification. To get a Master CNE, you declare a "graduate major." These areas of specialization delve deeper into the integration- and solution-oriented aspects of running a network than the CNE level does. See also CNA; CNE; CNI.
MAU (Multistation Access Unit) A wiring concentrator for Token Ring networks. Nodes connect to these MAUs, which in turn are connected to other MAUs to form the ring. The wiring inside the MAU forms a ring of the attached nodes.
Menu program A program you create that allows a user to choose a program, such as email or word processing, from a menu. This way, the user can be prevented from even having to see the DOS prompt or execute commands.
Message Routing Group object An NDS object that contains a list of messaging servers that are connected directly to each other so that email messages can be routed between them.
Messaging Server object An NDS object that represents a server that receives and transfers email messages.
Migration See Data migration.
Mirrored server engine See MSEngine.
Mirroring See Disk mirroring.
MSAUTO.NCF An SFT III server boot file that executes commands after the servers are mirrored and volume SYS is mounted, loads most NLMs, loads NetWare Directory Services, initializes time synchronization, and so on.
MSEngine The mirrored server engine. This portion of the SFT III NetWare operating system mirrors all the network data and operations. See also IOEngine.
MSL (mirrored server link) boards Network boards that form a special high-speed network link between two SFT III mirrored servers to ensure that all data is instantly duplicated between the two servers. See also SFT III.
MSSTART.NCF An SFT III server boot file that executes commands and SET parameters that affect the MSEngine.
Multistation Access Unit See MAU.
Name context The specific location in the Directory tree where an object resides. The address of that location consists of the names of any container objects over that object, separated by periods.
Name space module A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) that enables volumes on a server to store non-DOS files (such as Macintosh, OS/2, and NFS files), preserving their longer file names and different file formats.
NCP Packet Signature A NetWare security feature designed to make it impossible for someone to forge packets and access network resources through these forged packets. This feature requires workstations and servers to "sign" each NCP packet with a signature and to change the signature for every packet. You set levels of NCP Packet Signature security on the server and on each workstation, and those levels must combine correctly for login to occur.
NDS (NetWare Directory Services) The NetWare 4.1 database of network information. It defines every object on the network, such as users, groups, printers, print queues, servers, and volumes. All NetWare 4.1 servers on a network share a single NDS database. This way, you only have to create a user or other object once on the network; each server will recognize that same object. You can then allow that user to access different servers simply by granting him or her the appropriate rights to the necessary volumes on each server. The user doesn't have to log in to each server separately.
NDS object An item in the NDS database that represents a real entity on the network, such as a user, group, printer, or server. Each network entity on the network must have an NDS object. An NDS object contains several properties, which are the pieces of information that define the object, such as a full name, ID number, phone number, email address, or access rights to other objects. Each type of object, such as a user, print queue, or server, is referred to as an object class. See also Property.
NDS schema The set of allowable types of NDS objects and their properties that can exist on a network. The schema defines which objects and properties are allowed in the NDS database, and it determines how those objects can inherit properties and trustee rights of other container objects above it. The schema also defines how the Directory tree is structured and how objects in it are named.
NDS tree The logical representation of the objects in the NDS database. Using container objects, you can organize the objects in the database so that they are grouped into separate branches of the tree.
NET.CFG A workstation configuration file that configures the NetWare DOS Requester and LAN driver for the workstation's needs. NET.CFG is created by the NetWare DOS Requester installation. It is located in the NWCLIENT directory and can be edited with a text editor.
NetSync A NetWare 4.1 feature that allows you to merge the binderies of NetWare 3.1x servers and synchronize them with a NetWare 4.1 NDS database. NetSync allows you to manage those NetWare 3.1x users from a NetWare 4.1 host server, using NetWare Administrator.
NetWare Directory Services See NDS.
NetWare DOS Requester The NetWare client software that is installed on DOS- and Windows-based workstations on a NetWare 4.1 network. The NetWare DOS Requester includes Virtual Loadable Modules (VLMs), which control how the workstation connects to and communicates with the workstation's local operating system and with the network. The NetWare DOS Requester replaces earlier NetWare shell software (NETX, EMSNETX, and XMSNETX).
NetWare Loadable Module See NLM.
NetWare Server object An NDS object that represents a NetWare server.
NetWare User Tools A NetWare 4.1 utility (which runs under Windows) that users can use to complete many network tasks instead of using the other utilities that are targeted toward the network administrator. With NetWare User Tools, users can easily map drives, capture printer ports, and so on. It is installed by the NetWare DOS Requester installation, and it is part of the NETWARE.DRV driver.
NetWire Novell's online forums that offer users access to a wide variety of information and files dealing with NetWare and other Novell products, such as WordPerfect, Quattro Pro, and GroupWise. NetWire, which is located on CompuServe and on the Internet, provides information such as technical advice and support, updated files and drivers, the latest patches and workarounds, information about programs such as Novell Education classes and NetWare Users International (NUI), and marketing and sales information about the various products that Novell produces.
Network adapter See Network board.
Network board A special circuit board, installed in each workstation or server, that connects the computer to the network cables. Also called network interface board (or card) and network adapter.
Network interface board See Network board.
NLM (NetWare Loadable Module) A software module that you load into the server's operating system to add or change functionality. There are four different types of NetWare Loadable Modules that you can use: NLM utilities, name space modules, LAN drivers, and disk drivers. Many software manufacturers create NLMs to work on NetWare 4.1.
Node address The physical address of the network board installed in a node, such as a workstation, on the network. Each computer on the network must have a unique node address.
Object See NDS object.
Organization object An NDS object that represents an organization, such as a company.
Organizational Role object An NDS object that represents a position that various employees can occupy. Using an Organizational Role object allows you to assign rights to the position rather than to specific users, which is especially useful if there are multiple workers in this position or a high turnover rate of workers.
Organizational Unit object An NDS object that represents a subdivision under the Organization object, such as a division, department, project team, or workgroup.
OSI Reference Model A model established by the International Standards Organization (ISO) that defines functions for allowing any combination of devices to communicate with each other. Th OSI model defines seven layers of communication that can occur between devices: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical.
Packet signature See NCP Packet Signature.
Partition, directory A portion of the NDS database that can be replicated on different servers. A Directory partition is a branch of the Directory tree, beginning with any container object you choose. Partitions can also hold subpartitions beneath them (known as child partitions). If you have a smaller NDS database, the whole database can reside in a single partition. Partitions can increase network performance, especially if the network spans across a WAN (wide area network). They also can make it easier to manage portions of the tree separately. See also Replica.
Partition, disk A logical (not physical) portion of a hard disk that can be assigned to be part of a volume. On a server, the DOS partition can be used to store regular DOS boot files and other files that run under DOS. The server's NetWare partitions are assigned to NetWare volumes, which store all of the NetWare files and the NetWare operating system. Users access the server's NetWare volumes from workstations.
Patch A software module that can be applied to your NetWare server to repair a bug or add an enhancement.
Patch cable A cable used to connect two hubs in a network cabling system.
Path (directory) The location of a file or subdirectory in the file system. A file's directory path is a list of all the parent directories above that file, to the root of the disk or volume.
Path (DOS) Pointers that tell DOS which directories to search through when looking for executable files that are not found in the current directory. (You can display a workstation's current paths by typing the DOS command PATH.) NetWare search drives are added to the workstation's path environment variables.
Phase 1 network See AppleTalk nonextended network.
Phase 2 network See AppleTalk extended network.
Primary time server A server that determines the time by polling one or more Primary or Reference servers. The Primary servers determine an average time, then all Primary servers adjust their time to approach that average. If a Reference server exists, the Primary servers approach the Reference server's time. See also Time synchronization.
Print form A style of paper defined for a printer to use. Examples of print forms might be pre-printed invoice forms, paychecks, or legal-sized paper.
Print job configuration A template that indicates how a print job should be printed. Creating a print job configuration can simplify a user's task of selecting print options such as the designated printer, whether or not to print a banner page, and the type of paper on which to print.
Print queue A network directory that temporarily stores print jobs from any number of network users. The print queue stores the jobs in a first-in, first-out order, and waits for the print server to take the jobs and send them to the printer.
Print Queue object An NDS object that represents a NetWare print queue.
Print server A software program (PSERVER.NLM) that controls network printing. The print server takes print jobs from the print queue and forwards them on to a printer. It controls the order in which the print jobs are printed, and other aspects of network printing.
Print Server object An NDS object that represents a NetWare print server.
Print spooler, AppleTalk A feature of NetWare for Macintosh that appears to a Macintosh workstation to be a regular Apple printer, so the workstation will send the print job to it. The print spooler then sends the job to the NetWare print queue, where it waits in line to be processed by a print server. When users look for printers in the Chooser, they will see the AppleTalk print spooler name instead of a printer name.
Printer object An NDS object that represents a NetWare printer.
Property A piece of information that defines some characteristic of an NDS object, such as a full name, ID number, phone number, email address, or access rights to other objects. Properties are also called attributes. Each type of object, such as a Server or Printer object, may have different properties than another type of object.
Profile login script A login script that applies to several users, who don't necessarily have to be in the same container. The profile login script is a property of a Profile object, which defines a list of users who belong to the Profile. A user can have only one profile login script execute upon login. See also Login script.
Profile object An NDS object that contains a login script that executes for all users who are members of the Profile.
Protocol A set of defined rules that controls how processes or machines communicate. A protocol regulates how the processes perform activities such as making contact, transferring packets of data, and terminating the contact. There are many different types of protocols that have been developed by various organizations to control how information is exchanged across a network. NetWare 4.1 supports many of these protocols.
Protocol driver A software program that enables the LAN driver to communicate with a protocol, such as IPX or TCP/IP. IPXODI.COM is the protocol driver used to support the IPX protocol (the default protocol for most NetWare networks). The protocol driver is placed in the NWCLIENT directory by the NetWare DOS Requester installation.
Purge To remove a deleted file from the server's hard disk. Deleted files are saved in a salvageable state until they are either salvaged or purged by a user, or until the server runs out of disk space and purges them to gain more disk space.
Reference time server A server that sets the time on a NetWare 4.1 network. It is similar to a Single Reference time server, but used on larger networks where additional Primary servers are desired. Primary servers migrate their time to match the Reference server's time. If more than one Reference server exists, they must all be synchronized with the same external time source, such as an atomic clock. See also Time synchronization.
Remote Console A NetWare feature that allows you to temporarily transform your workstation into the server's keyboard and monitor. With the remote console running, you can type console commands from your workstation just as if you were using the server's real keyboard and monitor. You can use the Remote Console feature over a direct connection to the network, or via asynchronous lines through a modem.
Repeaters Network cabling hardware that regenerates the signal and passes it on, thereby extending the normal limits of the network.
Replica A copy of a Directory partition. Replicas of a partition can be stored on different servers. Then, if one server goes down, all the other servers can still access the NDS database from another replica of the database. See also Partition, directory.
Replica, master A replica that contains all the partition's object information. Any Directory partition changes, such as adding, merging, or deleting replicas, must be done from this replica. There is only one master replica per partition.
Replica, read-only A replica from which you can read NDS object information, but you cannot make changes to it. Any number of these replicas can exist on a network.
Replica, read-write A partition replica from which you can make changes to NDS objects. Any number of read-write replicas can exist on a network.
Replica, subordinate reference If a server belongs to both a parent replica and a child partition, but only a replica of the parent partition exists on the server, a subordinate reference replica of the child partition will be placed on the server automatically.
Resource fork The portion of a Macintosh file that contains information about the file, such as the application used to create the file (which lets you autolaunch a file by double-clicking its icon). In addition, the resource fork includes information about the type of icon that should be displayed for the file, and so on. DOS, OS/2, and Unix files don't have resource forks. See also Data fork.
Restore To retrieve files from a backup copy and put them back on the network. See also Backup.
Rights, effective The rights that the user can ultimately execute, after determining any inherited rights, rights blocked by the IRF, direct trustee assignments, and security equivalences to other objects.
Rights, file system Assigned to users and groups to control what each user or group can do with a file or directory. Also called trustee rights.
Rights, inherited Access rights you inherit from a parent container object or a parent file system directory. See also Inheritance.
Rights, object Access rights that control how the user works with an NDS object, but don't affect whether the user can see or work with the object's properties.
Rights, property Access rights that control whether the user can see and work with an NDS object's properties.
RIP (Router Information Protocol) A routing protocol used by NetWare's IPX network protocol. RIP allows NetWare routers to create and update a router table (or database) of current information about other routers on the internetwork. Routers send periodic broadcasts of RIP packets to other routers on the network to keep all routers on the network synchronized.
Root object The highest point of the Directory tree. It contains no information.
Router A router transfers data from one segment of a network to another, but unlike a bridge, a router also calculates the most efficient route for the data to travel. See also Bridge.
Router Information Protocol See RIP.
Salvage To retrieve a deleted file from the server's hard disk. Deleted files are saved in a salvageable state until they are either salvaged or purged by a user, or until the server runs out of disk space and purges them to gain more disk space.
SAP (Service Advertising Protocol) A service advertising protocol used by NetWare's IPX network protocol. Servers advertise their services on an internetwork by periodically broadcasting SAP packets. Routers use the SAP packets to update their router tables.
Schema See NDS schema.
Search drive A special drive mapping to a network directory. When a search drive is mapped to a directory, the system will look in that directory for executable files if it can't find them in a user's current directory. Search drive mappings are added to the workstation's DOS path commands.
Secondary time server A server that obtains the time from another time server. Secondary servers do not participate in determining the time; they merely obtain it for their own use and to provide the time to their workstations. See also Time synchronization.
Security equivalence Assigning one user to have all of another user's rights. When you are given security equivalence to another user, you receive the same rights that the other user was explicitly granted. When you add a user to a group membership list or to an Organizational Role object's list, the user really becomes "security equivalent" to that Group or Organizational Role object.
Seed router An AppleTalk router that has network numbers and zone names specifically configured for it. Other AppleTalk routers can then "learn" their configuration from this seed router. Each network needs at least one seed router.
SERVER.EXE The executable file that runs the NetWare 4.1 operating system on the computer, turning the computer into the NetWare server.
Service Advertising Protocol See SAP.
SFT III (System Fault Tolerance Level III) NetWare 4.1 SFT III is a form of NetWare 4.1 that lets you install the operating system on two identical servers, which work in concert with each other. If one server fails, the other takes over seamlessly and continues to run the network. Although the SFT III capability is built into NetWare 4.1, you cannot access it unless you have purchased the SFT III licensed version of NetWare 4.1.
Single Reference time server The sole server that maintains the network time, often used on small NetWare networks. All other servers are Secondary time servers. Single Reference servers provide the time to workstations and Secondary time servers. See also Time synchronization.
STARTNET.BAT A batch file created by the NetWare DOS Requester installation. It is located in the NWCLIENT directory and can be edited with a text editor. STARTNET.BAT sets the workstation's language and loads LSL.COM, the LAN driver, and protocol driver files. Then it executes VLM.EXE, which loads all necessary VLMs.
STARTUP.NCF A server boot file that automates the initialization of the NetWare operating system. It loads disk drivers, loads name space modules to support different file formats (Macintosh, OS/2, or NFS), and executes some SET parameters that modify default initialization values.
Suballocation See Block suballocation.
Surge suppressor A device installed between a workstation or peripheral and the regular electrical outlet. It can help prevent electrical surges from damaging the equipment.
System login script A login script that is a property of a container object. The commands in the system login script execute for every user in that container who logs in. (It is also called a container login script.) See also Login script.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) A suite of network protocols developed for use on the Internet, which allows nodes on a Unix-based network to communicate. TCP operates at the equivalent of the session and transport layers of the OSI Reference Model, and IP works at the equivalent of the network layer.
Template See User template.
Terminator Special connectors attached to the open ends of cables. Terminators keep stray signals from causing interference on the network.
Time synchronization A NetWare 4.1 feature that ensures that servers on a network maintain the same time, so that network events occur in the correct order. With NetWare's time services, you assign servers different time synchronization functions, so that some servers can set the time, others can average the time together, and still others can simply receive the time from other servers.
Token Ring A network cabling architecture, which is cabled like a star but acts like a ring. When data flows from workstation to workstation, it goes through the central point each time as it makes its way around the whole network. Token Ring networks generally work well in situations that involve heavy data traffic because Token Ring is reliable. It is also fairly easy to install, but it is more expensive than either ARCnet or Ethernet networks.
TokenTalk Apple Computer's Token Ring implementation.
Topology The format in which a network is laid out, such as a bus format, a ring format, or a star format. Variations or combinations of these topologies are also commonly used.
Transaction Tracking System See TTS.
Tree See NDS tree.
Trunk cable The main cable system that forms the backbone of the network. All other nodes (workstations, servers, and so on) are connected to this trunk.
Trustee A user, group, or other object that has been granted rights to an object, file, or directory.
Trustee rights See Rights, file system; Rights, object; and Rights, property.
TTS (Transaction Tracking System) A NetWare feature that protects database transactions. With TTS turned on, if a transaction is caught only half-completed by a problem such as a power outage, the transaction is completely backed out so that the database isn't corrupted. When a transaction is backed out, it is restored to its original state, as it was before the transaction began.
Unicode files Files used to help the NetWare client software run on machines that use different country-specific keyboards and language-specific versions of DOS. These files are placed in the NWCLIENT\NLS subdirectory by the NetWare DOS Requester installation.
UPS (uninterruptible power supply) Hardware that provides the server with a backup battery in case of a power outage, allowing the server enough time to shut itself down cleanly, leaving no open files exposed to corruption.
User login script A login script that is a property of an individual User object. You store user-specific drive mappings, and so on, in the user login script. If the user does not have a specific user login script, a default login script will execute instead, setting up the most basic drive mappings. See also Login script.
User object An NDS object that represents a NetWare user.
User template A template you can set up to automatically apply default properties to any new user you create. (It will not apply those properties to any users that existed before you created the user template.) A user template is actually a regular User object that you create and name USER_TEMPLATE. You can have a different template for each container.
User Tools See NetWare User Tools.
VLMs (Virtual Loadable Modules) Files that are placed in the NWCLIENT directory by the NetWare DOS Requester installation. They control the workstation's communication and activities on the network.
Volume The highest level in the file system hierarchy (similar to a DOS root directory). It contains directories and files. Each NetWare server has at least one volume, SYS, which contains all of the NetWare files and utilities. You can have additional volumes on a server if you want; in fact, a NetWare server can have up to 64 volumes.
Volume object An NDS object that represents a NetWare volume.
Volume segment A disk partition that forms part of a volume. Each volume can have up to 32 volume segments, which can all be stored on the same hard disk, or scattered across separate disks. Letting volume segments reside on different disks lets you increase the size of a volume by adding a new hard disk. One hard disk can hold up to eight volume segments that belong to one or more volumes. By putting segments of the same volume on more than one hard disk, different parts of the volume can be accessed simultaneously, which increases disk input and output.
Workstation A computer with NetWare client software installed, which users use to access and work on the network. Workstations on a NetWare 4.1 network can be DOS, Windows, OS/2, Unix, or Macintosh workstations.
Zone See AppleTalk zone.